EthnosPeoples of the World |
CreekThe Creeks are a Native American tribe native to the southeastern United States. They are also related to the Seminole who originated as Creeks who migrated to Florida in the early 18th century. The Creek War of 1813-1814 began as a civil war within the Creek Nation. Inspired by the fiery eloquence of Tecumseh and their own prophets, Creeks known as Red Sticks sought to aggressively return their society to a traditional way of life. Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands and the civilizing programs administered by U.S. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. This civil war would ultimately lead to a Red Stick attack on Fort Mims, near Mobile on August 30, 1813 which left 247 dead and spread panic throughout the American southwestern frontier. In response to the massacre at Fort Mims, Tennessee, Georgia and the Mississippi Territory sent armies deep into the Creek country. Outnumbered and poorly armed, the Red Sticks put up a desperate fight from their wilderness strongholds but valor and the magic of their prophets failed to halt the converging armies. On March 27, 1814 General Andrew Jackson's Tennessee militia, aided by the 39th U. S. Infantry Regiment and Cherokee and Creek allies, finally crushed Red Stick resistance at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River (see below). Jackson's victory at Horseshoe Bend broke the power of the Creek Nation. On August 9, 1814 the Creeks were forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, which ceded 23 million acres (93,000 km²) to the United States government. With the Red Stick menace subdued, Andrew Jackson was able to focus on the Gulf coast region and defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. As a result of his victories over the Red Sticks and British, Jackson became a national figure and eventually rose to become the seventh President of the United States in 1829.*** |
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***This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Creek_(people)"