Ethnos

Peoples of the World

Chippewa

The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also "Anishinabe", "Anishaabe", "Ojibwe", "Ojibway", "Chippeway") are the third-largest group of Native Americans in the United States, surpassed only by the Cherokee and Navajo. They number over 100,000 living in an area stretching across the north from Michigan to Montana. Another 76,000, in 125 bands, live in Canada. They are known for their canoes and wild rice, and for the fact that they were the only Indian nation to defeat the Sioux."

The Ojibwa belong to the Algonquian linguistic group. When first encountered by Europeans in the 17th century, they mostly lived around shores of Lake Superior. Warring with the Dakota and the Fox, and newly armed by the French, they drove the Fox from northern Wisconsin and pushed the Dakota across the Mississippi. Eventually the Ojibwa reached the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, and became known as the Plains Ojibwa. They also expanded eastward, fighting with the Iroquois and taking over the lands alongside the eastern shore of Lake Huron. The Ojibwa allied themselves with the French in the French and Indian War, and with the British in the War of 1812.

Most Ojibwa, except for the Plains bands, lived a sedentary lifestyle, engaging in fishing, hunting, the farming of maize and squash, and the harvesting of Manoomin (wild rice). Their typical dwelling was the waaginogan, made of birch bark, cedar bark and willow saplings. They also developed a form of pictorial writing used in religious rites of the Midewin and recorded on birch bark scrolls. The Ojibwe people and culture are alive and growing today. During the summer months, the people attend pow-wows or "pau waus" at various reservations in the US and reserves in Canada. Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting and making maple sugar. ***

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The Chippewas of Lake Superior (Civilization of the American Indian, Vol 148)
by Edmund Jefferson Danziger, Edward Danziger

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Chippewa Customs
by Frances Densmore, Nina Marchetti Archabal

Frances Densmore, born in 1867, was one of the first ethnologists to specialize in the study of American Indian music and culture. Her book, first published in 1929, remains an authoritative source for the tribal history, customs, legends, traditions, art, music, economy, and leisure activities of the Chippewa Indians of the United States and Canada.

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Chippewa Treaty Rights: The Reserved Rights of Wisconsin's Chippewa Indians in Historical Perspective
by Ronald N. Satz, Laura Apfelbeck, Jason Tetzloff, et al

Chippewa Treaty Rights . . . is an excellent and highly readable account of the complex political, legal, and social history of the Chippewas struggle for justice; appendices provide full texts of pertinent documents.Nancy Oestreich Lurie, Ethnohistory The detail of Satzs outline, the broad range of resource materials compiled, and the clarity of the text will make this book invaluable to a wide audience.James M. McClurken, American Indian Culture and Research Journal The book deserves a wide audience among the general public and serious scholars. . . . [Satz] knows the record well and he writes with skill and authority built upon years of research and writing about Indians and Indian policy. . . . He has fulfilled important obligations as a scholar and intellectual: he has helped clarify our understanding of the world in which we live.Robert Doherty, Wisconsin Magazine of History [A] well-researched and well-documented work. . . . Satzs study will be useful to students, teachers, and scholars.Barbara Leibhardt Wester, Western Historical Quarterly

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A Face in the Rock: The Tale of a Grand Island Chippewa
by Loren R. Graham, Abigail Rorer

Eight miles long and four miles wide, Grand Island lies off the south shore of Lake Superior. It was once home to a sizable community of Chippewa Indians who lived in harmony with the land and with each other. Their tragic demise began early in the nineteenth century when their fellow tribesmen from the mainland goaded them into waging war against rival Sioux. The war party was decimated; only one young brave, Powers of the Air, lived to tell the story that celebrated the heroism of his band and formed the basis of the legend that survives today. Distinguished historian Loren R. Graham has spent more than forty years researching and reconstructing the poignant tale of Powers of the Air and his people. A Face in the Rock is an artful melding of human history and natural history; it is a fascinating narrative of the intimate relation between place and people. Powers of the Air lived to witness the desecration of Grand Island by the fur and logging industries, the Christianization of the tribe, and the near total loss of the Chippewa language, history, and culture. Graham charts the plight of the Chippewa as white culture steadily encroaches, forcing the native people off the island and dispersing their community on the mainland. The story ends with happier events of the past two decades, including the protection of Grand Island within the National Forest system, and the resurgence of Chippewa culture.

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Wisconsin Chippewa Myths & Tales and Their Relation to Chippewa Life
by Victor Barnouw

"Wisconsin Chippewa Myths and Tales", originally published in 1977, was the first collection of Chippewa folklore to provide a comparative and sociological context for the tales. These myths and tales were recorded between 1941 and 1944 by four young field workers who later became prominent anthropologists: Joseph B. Casagrande, Ernestine Friedl, Robert E. Ritzenthaler and Victor Barnouw himself. The tales - which include stories of tricksters, animals, magical powers, and cannibal ice-giants - were told primarily by five members of the Lac Court Orcilles and Lac du Flambeau bands of Chippewa: John Monk, Prosper Guibord, Delia Oshogay, Tom Badger and Julia Badger.

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The Chippewa and Their Neighbors: A Study in Ethnohistory
by Harold Hickerson, Jennifer S. Brown, Laura Peers

This edition not only again makes available a classic volume in ethnohistory, but also provides a perceptive assessment of the influence of Hickerson's book since it first appeared in 1970. The seventeen-page critical review and bibliographical supplement, as well as the new maps and illustrations, show the methodological refinement and new questions addressed in ethnohistorical studies over the last several decades when Hickerson's pioneering efforts served both as model and controversial stimulus to other scholars to probe more deeply into the documentary records and seek fuller understanding of them. Includes a special, full color, fold-out map, "Indian Villages and Tribal Distribution c. 1768."

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Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary
by Richard A. Rhodes

Chicago (see Zhgaagong, which may mean "Place of the Skunk"). Kemo Sabe (see Giimoozaabi, which may mean "he looks out in secret"), and Giche-gumi (from Longfellow’s poem, see gchigami) are all words that came originally from algonquian languages and can be found in this dictionary. These languages have also given English such words as "moccasin" and "wigwam". In addition, words such as "fire water" (for hard liquor or whiskey) are direct translations from Algonquian languages.

This 9,000 word dictionary gives information on the Ojibwa language, which is still spoken by over 45,000 people in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota. In Canada, the Ojibwa people live in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba. This work contains data from Eastern Ojibwa and Ottawa, two distinct dialects of the Ojibwa language. (Ottawa is known locally as Chippewa in Michigan and Southern Ontario.) In addition to the English-Ojibwa and Ojibwa-English dictionaries, information on dialects, variation, and borrowing is given, and a lengthy guide to pronunciation is included.

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Red World and White: Memories of a Chippewa Boyhood (Civilization of the American Indian Series, Vol 126)
by John Rogers, Melissa L. Meyer

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***This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ojibwa"


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