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Peoples of the World

Cheyenne

The Cheyennes are a Native American nation, closely allied with the Arapahos and loosely allied with the Lakotas (Sioux). They moved from the Black Hills to the plains of what is now eastern Colorado at the invitation of George Bent, an Indian Trader, owner with others of Bent's Fort, near present day Lamar, Colorado.

In the Indian Wars the Cheyennes were the victims of the Sand Creek Massacre in which the Colorado Militia killed 600 Cheyenne. In the early morning on November 27, 1868 the Battle of the Washita River started when United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led an attack on a band of peaceful Cheyenne legally living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle. 103 Cheyenne were killed, mostly women and children. This was later regarded as the first substantial US victory in the war. Then on November 25, 1886 in retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald Mackenzie sacked Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River. The soldiers destroyed all of the villager's winter food and clothing and then slashed their ponies' throats. Chief Dull Knife's people were made refugees and were eventually persuaded by their leader to surrender to the US Army.

Two fine books about the Cheyennes are John Stands in Timber's "Cheyenne Memories" and Marie Sandoz's famous "Cheyenne Autumn". Another brief history can be found in Dee Brown's "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee". ***

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The Fighting Cheyennes
by George Bird Grinnell, Stanley Vestal (Designer)

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Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life
by George Bird Grinnell

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Cheyenne Autumn
by Mari Sandoz

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Washita: The U.S. Army and the Southern Cheyennes, 1867-1869
by Jerome A. Greene

On November 27, 1868, the U.S. Seventh Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer attacked a Southern Cheyenne village along the Washita River in present-day western Oklahoma. The subsequent U.S. victory signaled the end of the Cheyennes' traditional way of life and resulted in the death of Black Kettle, their most prominent peace chief. Long considered a watershed event, the Washita received formal national recognition in 1996 when the site became a unit of the National Park System. Now, in a remarkably balanced history, Jerome A. Greene draws on newly available material from both Indian and U.S. Army sources to retell in unprecedented depth the story of what happened on the snowy banks of the Washita River at dawn that November day.

Synthesizing primary and secondary sources, Greene describes the event's causes, conduct, and consequences even as he addresses the multiple controversies surrounding the conflict, including questions of whether the engagement was a battle or a massacre and whether Custer purposely abandoned his men during the fighting. As Greene explains, the engagement brought both praise and condemnation for Custer and carried long-range implications for his stunning defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn eight years later.

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Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat
by Jean Afton, Richard N. Ellis, David Fridtjof Halaas

At Summit Springs, Colorado on July 11, 1869, Maj Eugene A. Carr led the Fifth United States Cavalry and a force of Pawnee scouts in an attack on Chief Tall Bull's Cheyenne Dog Soldier village. Also prominent in the fight was chief of scouts, William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody. When the day's fighting was over, fifty-two Cheyenne Dog Soldiers lay dead. On that day, too, a soldier picked up what appeared to be a plain army ledgerbook. When opened, the book revealed page upon page of colored drawings - all rendered by Cheyenne warrior-artists. The book came to the Colorado Historical Society in 1903, and there it remained for nearly one hundred years, largely unknown or forgotten. Until now. Working in close association with Cheyenne people, the authors have produced an unprecedented look at the Dog Soldiers, treating these ledger drawings as historical documents - as the history of the Dog Soldiers by the warrior-artists themselves. Using Cheyenne sources - both past and present - as well as U.S. military records, legal depositions, diaries, and contemporary newspaper accounts, the authors analyze drawings, identifying the warriors and describing the actions depicted. With more than one hundred beautifully reproduced color drawings, this volume presents not only a groundbreaking departure from standard ledgerbook interpretation but also a riveting story of the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers making a last stand for their existence as a free people.

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Morning Star Dawn: The Powder River Expedition and the Northern Cheyennes, 1876
by Jerome A. Greene

From a recognized authority on the High Plains Indians wars comes this narrative history blending both American Indian and U.S. Army perspectives on the attack that destroyed the village of Northern Cheyenne chief Morning Star. Of momentous significance for the Cheyenne as well as the army, this November 1876 encounter, coming exactly six months to the day after the Custer debacle at the Little Bighorn, was part of the Powder River Expedition waged by Brigadier General George Crook against the Indians. Vital to the larger context of the Great Sioux War, the attack on Morning Star's village encouraged the eventual surrender of Crazy Horse and his Sioux followers.

Unbiased in its delivery, Morning Star Dawn offers the most thorough modern scholarly assessment of the Powder River Expedition. It incorporates previously unsynthesized data from the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the U.S. Army Military History Institute, and other repositories, and provides an examination of all facets of the campaign leading to and following the destruction of Morning Star's village.

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Cheyenne Memories
by John Stands in Timber, Margot Liberty, Robert Marshall Utley

This classic work is an oral history of the Cheyenne Indians from legendary times to the early reservation years, a collaborative effort by the Cheyenne tribal historian John Stands in Timber and anthropologist Margot Liberty. Published in 1967, the book now has an updated bibliography and a new preface by Liberty, in which she shares her recollections of Stands in Timber and describes the circumstances of the Cheyenne over the past thirty years.

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Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Courageous Warrior History
by David Fridtjof Halaas, Andrew E. Masich

Designed as a companion piece to Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat (University Press of Colorado/Colorado Historical Society), this beautiful CD-ROM brings to light a history little known for over a century. An incredible story told through the pictographic drawings of the elite Cheyenne warrior society called Dog Soldiers, this CD-ROM contains the full text of the ledgerbook found at Summit Springs, Colorado, on July 11, 1869. In addition, the CD-ROM includes a virtual tour of the Colorado History Museum exhibit. From the Sand Creek Massacre to the tragic defeat of the Dog Soldiers at Summit Springs, the historical society's curators pinpoint conflicts with cavalry and other Indians to dates, places, and people in history.

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Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876-1877
by Jerome A. Greene (Editor)

First-hand Native American accounts of the Battle of the Little Big Horn - many previously unpublished.

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The Cheyennes: A First Americans Book
by Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve, Ronald Himler

Provides an overview of the social life and customs and history of the Cheyenne Indians.

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Sign Talk of the Cheyenne Indians
by Ernest Thompson Seton

This extensively researched work by a noted Canadian naturalist relies largely on the signs and gestures used by Cheyenne Indians. It features an extensive, alphabetically arranged vocabulary of over 1,700 terms (with French and German equivalents), accompanied by 700 of the author’s own illustrations of how to make a specific gesture for each word. Placement of nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other parts of speech, along with many other aspects of Indian sign language, are simply and briefly explained.

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Cheyenne Again
by Eve Bunting, Irving Toddy

In the late 1880s, a Cheyenne boy named Young Bull is taken from his parents and sent to a boarding school to learn the white man's ways. "Young Bull's struggle to hold on to his heritage will touch children's sense of justice and lead to some interesting discussions and perhaps further research." —School Library Journal

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The Cheyenne (True Books: American Indians)
by Andrew Santella

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***This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cheyenne"


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